Many people struggle with adopting and maintaining a healthy approach to eating as they age, especially if they are focused on weight management and metabolic health. This can be particularly difficult for women as they navigate various life stages, including the reproductive years, perimenopause and menopause. Nourishing your body, one of the ACE 7 Core Drivers of Healthy Living™, focuses on fueling your body for daily living and overall well-being by eating a healthy and balanced nutrition pattern across all life stages. Read on for expert advice on creating a sustainable approach to healthy eating, including which nutrients to prioritize when making dietary changes at different stages and in different circumstances.

Dominique Adair, MS, RDN, is a clinical leader and registered dietitian nutritionist specializing in interdisciplinary care delivery for metabolic health and primary care. She works at the intersection of clinical operations, nutrition and behavior change, helping care teams integrate evidence-based nutrition, coaching and medical interventions.

How can women support metabolic health without focusing on “cutting calories,” and what does a nutritious, sustainable approach look like in real life?

Weight loss is on people’s minds, and while energy balance does matter, the most sustainable approach is to stay well-nourished by building meals around whole foods you enjoy with plenty of variety, prioritizing fiber- and protein-rich foods, plus vitamins, minerals and essential fats most of the time. Probably the most common mistake is severely under-eating for periods of time, which for most of us is not sustainable.

How can choosing nutrient-dense foods with enough fiber, protein and healthy fats help people feel full and satisfied, so that making a modest decrease in overall intake feels more sustainable?

As important as how much we eat is what we eat, and the two intersect! Fiber, protein and healthy fats can support steady energy and fullness in different ways, which may make it easier to eat less and stay well nourished. Biochemically, fiber, protein and fats slow digestion and help regulate some of our hunger and satiety signals. They’re not magic bullets or the only nutrients that matter, but spacing meals throughout the day and including one or more of these at each meal may help you feel satisfied for longer.

Are lower-carbohydrate approaches ever appropriate for women, and what would you consider a healthy, food quality–focused version of “lower carb” (vs. overly restrictive)?

Lower-carb can be appropriate for some women, but it’s not “more correct” for women in general. Macronutrient needs are individual, and carbs, proteins and fats all serve important roles in the body. Carbohydrates are a key fuel source (especially for higher-intensity, “burst” activities), proteins support lean mass and many body processes, and fats support satisfaction and help with the delivery and absorption of certain nutrients.

If someone chooses a lower-carb approach, a healthy, food quality–focused version emphasizes minimally processed, whole-food carbohydrates (vegetables, beans/lentils, whole grains), along with proteins and fats, rather than cutting out an entire food group or relying on highly processed products. In general, focusing on overall food quality, enjoyment and an approach you can sustain matters more than chasing a specific macro split.

Why is protein intake important for body composition and weight maintenance, and what are practical, food-first strategies for increasing protein while keeping meals balanced?

Protein matters for body composition and weight maintenance in part because it supports the body’s “working tissues” (like muscle) and essential functions (like enzymes and hormones). As a nutrient category, it also tends to be more filling because it can slow stomach emptying and strengthen short-term fullness signals (including GLP-1, PYY, and CCK) while reducing hunger hormones (like ghrelin), helping you stay satisfied longer. As mentioned before, it’s easy to become overly focused on one nutrient; the goal is a balanced pattern built from whole, enjoyable foods.

To include more nutrient-dense protein in a food-first way, look for plant-forward options like tofu/tempeh/edamame, beans and lentils, chickpeas, soy milk, nuts and seeds, and whole grains paired with legumes. Those who eat animal products can add Greek yogurt or cottage cheese, eggs, fish or poultry, and lean meats. Simple upgrades include choosing a protein “anchor” at meals and a protein-forward snack (edamame, hummus, yogurt) when needed.

Which nutrients are especially important for women due to physiology and life stage (e.g., reproductive years, perimenopause/menopause), and what are accessible food sources to prioritize?

While some nutrient needs shift across the lifespan, the human body, regardless of sex, shares many of the same foundational nutrition requirements. “Women-specific” nutrition tends to matter most during life stages such as the reproductive years, pregnancy, lactation/postpartum, and perimenopause/menopause, when physiological changes can make certain nutrients more clinically relevant. This does not mean those nutrients are unimportant for men, but rather that the risk of falling short may be higher for women during particular phases of life.

Nutrients to prioritize during certain life stages and accessible food sources include the following:

• Iron—reproductive years (menstrual losses) and pregnancy (expanded blood volume): Lean red meat, poultry, fish, beans/lentils and spinach; pair plant sources with vitamin C foods
• Folate—preconception and early pregnancy (neural tube development, cell division): Leafy greens, beans/lentils, citrus and fortified grains
• Calcium and vitamin D—adolescence (bone accrual) and perimenopause/menopause (bone preservation): Dairy or fortified alternatives, canned salmon/sardines with bones and tofu set with calcium; vitamin D also from fortified foods and safe sun exposure, as appropriate.
• Iodine—pregnancy/lactation (thyroid hormone production, fetal brain development): Iodized salt, dairy, seafood and eggs
• Omega-3s—pregnancy (fetal brain/eye development) and midlife (cardiometabolic health): Salmon, sardines, trout and chia/flax/walnuts (alpha-linolenic acid)
• Magnesium and potassium—pregnancy (fetal development and blood pressure regulation) and menopause (bone density and heart health): Beans, leafy greens, nuts/seeds, potatoes, bananas and yogurt
• Vitamin B12—during older adulthood (absorption declines) and pregnancy/lactation (neurologic development, red blood cells, especially important for plant-exclusive eaters): Found in animal foods (meat, fish, dairy, eggs) and fortified foods

When someone is eating less (intentionally or unintentionally), what are signs their diet may be too restrictive or insufficient for their needs, and what’s a healthier reset?

When intake gets too low, common signs include low energy and poor workout recovery, more frequent illnesses and/or feeling run-down (because the body has fewer resources to support function), as well as changes in mood like irritability, anxiety or low motivation. A healthier reset is to return to regular, predictable meals and snacks built from whole foods that include protein, fiber-rich carbohydrates and healthy fats, and to make any changes slowly so you remain well-fueled and hydrated.

Is there anything else you’d want readers to know about the idea that improving food quality (protein, fiber, healthy fat) can support weight goals without this becoming a “calorie-cutting guide”? 

One helpful framing is to focus on inclusion, not restriction. Start with foods you enjoy, then build meals around a few foundational whole-food elements so the pattern is satisfying and sustainable. Today, there is a lot of attention on protein, fiber and healthy fats as they relate to appetite and nutrient needs, and while they play an important role, we risk getting too fixated on any single nutrient (or category) and losing sight of overall balance, variety and nourishment. These anchors work best as part of a diverse, whole-food pattern that supports energy, movement and long-term health without turning eating into a deprivation project or a one-nutrient pursuit. Just as importantly, food is social, cultural and emotional—it connects us, comforts us and brings pleasure—so caring for your body should leave room for enjoyment as well as nourishment.

If you’re interested in learning more about how to translate the science of nutrition into practical advice to improve clients’ dietary behaviors, check out Nutrition Fundamentals (worth 0.7 ACE CECs). In this course, you’ll learn about the chemical structure of macronutrients and micronutrients, as well as the fundamentals of nutrient digestion, absorption and metabolism, in an easy-to-understand yet comprehensive way.